Surveying

Surveying is basic to engineering. Before any engineering work can be started we
must prepare a plan or map of the area showing topographical details. This involves
both horizontal and vertical measurements.
Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning
and execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of civil and other: engineering projects. The surveying activities
are:
1. Preparation of surveys and related mapping specifications. ..
2.. Execution of photogrametric and field surveys for the collection of
required data including topographic and hydro-graphic data. .
3. Calculation, .reduction and plotting cf survey data for use in engineering
design. '
4. Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control survey networks.
5. Provision of line and grade and other layout work for construction and
mining activities..
Thus the scope of surveying is very wide and inter-disciplinary in character.
Basically it involves accurate measurements and accurate computations. In surveying
we use modern sophisticated instruments, e.g. electronic instruments for
measurements and modern computational tools, e.g. computers for accurate
mathematical computations. Hence thorough knowledge of basic science-say,
physics and mathematics-c-is required in grasping modern surveying.

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